Belosalic, lotion solution for external use spray 100ml 
Otorhinolaryngology, Runny nose
Track Weather Effects on Your Nose for Better Health
Mar
The human nose is a remarkable organ that plays a crucial role in our overall health and well-being. Beyond its primary functions of breathing and smelling, the nose acts as a natural filter, humidifier, and first line of defense against harmful particles and pathogens. However, the nose is also highly sensitive to environmental factors, particularly weather conditions, which can significantly impact nasal health and comfort.
Tracking weather effects on your nose can help you better understand your nasal health, identify triggers, and take proactive measures to maintain optimal comfort and well-being. By monitoring temperature, humidity, air quality, and other weather-related factors, you can adapt your lifestyle and nasal care routines to minimize discomfort and prevent potential health issues. This article will explore the fascinating connection between weather and nasal health, providing practical tips and insights to help you breathe easier in any weather condition.
The Nose: A Window to Your Health
Anatomy and Functions of the Nose
The nose is a complex organ that serves multiple vital functions. Its unique anatomy, consisting of nasal cavities, turbinates, and a network of blood vessels, allows it to filter, humidify, and warm the air we breathe[1]. The nose also houses olfactory receptors responsible for our sense of smell, which is closely linked to our sense of taste and can greatly impact our quality of life.
In addition to its respiratory and sensory roles, the nose acts as a natural defense system against harmful particles, allergens, and pathogens. The mucous membranes lining the nasal passages trap and remove irritants, while tiny hair-like structures called cilia sweep away debris and keep the airways clear.
Common Nasal Issues and Their Causes
Despite its impressive capabilities, the nose is susceptible to various issues that can cause discomfort and impair its functions. Some common nasal problems include:
- Congestion: Swollen and inflamed nasal tissues can obstruct airflow and cause difficulty breathing[2].
- Rhinitis: Inflammation of the nasal lining, often due to allergies or irritants, leading to runny nose, sneezing, and itching.
- Sinusitis: Infection or inflammation of the sinuses, causing pain, pressure, and discharge.
These issues can be triggered by a range of factors, including weather changes, environmental pollutants, allergens, and infections.
The Connection Between Nasal Health and Overall Well-being
Nasal health is not just about comfort; it can also have a significant impact on overall well-being. Chronic nasal problems can lead to sleep disturbances, reduced productivity, and decreased quality of life[3]. Moreover, the nose is closely connected to other parts of the respiratory system, such as the lungs and throat, meaning that nasal issues can potentially affect these areas as well.
Maintaining good nasal health is essential for promoting general wellness and preventing complications. By understanding the factors that influence nasal health, including weather conditions, we can take proactive steps to keep our noses functioning optimally.
Weather Factors Affecting Nasal Health
Temperature Changes and Their Impact on the Nose
Temperature fluctuations can have a significant impact on nasal health. Cold weather can cause blood vessels in the nose to constrict, leading to reduced blood flow and decreased mucus production[4]. This can result in dryness, irritation, and increased susceptibility to infections. On the other hand, hot temperatures can cause the nasal passages to swell, leading to congestion and difficulty breathing.
Rapid temperature changes, such as moving from a warm indoor environment to cold outdoor air, can also be problematic. The sudden shift can shock the nasal tissues and cause symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and congestion.
Humidity Levels and Nasal Comfort
Humidity plays a crucial role in maintaining nasal comfort. The ideal relative humidity level for the nose is between 30-50%[5]. When humidity levels drop too low, the nasal passages can become dry and irritated, leading to discomfort and an increased risk of infections. Low humidity can also cause the mucus in the nose to become thicker and harder to clear, exacerbating congestion.
On the other hand, high humidity levels can create an environment that promotes the growth of mold, dust mites, and other allergens, which can trigger nasal allergies and inflammation. Excessive moisture in the air can also make it harder for the nose to effectively filter and remove irritants.
Air Pollution and Its Effects on Nasal Passages
Air pollution, both indoor and outdoor, can have detrimental effects on nasal health. Pollutants such as particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen dioxide can irritate the nasal lining, causing inflammation and increasing the risk of infections[6]. Exposure to pollutants can also worsen existing nasal conditions, such as allergies and sinusitis.
Indoor air pollution, often caused by factors like poor ventilation, cleaning products, and tobacco smoke, can be particularly problematic since we spend a significant amount of time indoors. Outdoor air pollution, especially in urban areas with high traffic or industrial emissions, can also take a toll on nasal health.
Pollen Counts and Seasonal Allergies
For individuals with seasonal allergies, pollen counts can be a major factor in nasal health. During certain times of the year, particularly spring and fall, trees, grasses, and weeds release tiny pollen grains into the air. When inhaled, these allergens can trigger an immune response in sensitive individuals, leading to symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, congestion, and itchy eyes.
Tracking pollen counts and taking preventive measures, such as staying indoors on high pollen days and using air filters, can help manage seasonal allergy symptoms and maintain nasal comfort.
Monitoring Weather Conditions for Nasal Health
Tracking Temperature and Humidity Levels
To maintain optimal nasal health, it’s essential to monitor temperature and humidity levels both indoors and outdoors. Indoor humidity can be tracked using a hygrometer, a device that measures the amount of moisture in the air. Aim to keep indoor humidity between 30-50% for nasal comfort[7]. If humidity levels are too low, consider using a humidifier to add moisture to the air. If humidity is too high, a dehumidifier can help remove excess moisture and prevent mold growth.
Outdoor temperature and humidity can be monitored using local weather reports or mobile apps. When planning outdoor activities, take into account the forecasted weather conditions and dress appropriately to minimize nasal discomfort.
Monitoring Air Quality and Pollen Counts
Keeping track of air quality and pollen counts can be especially helpful for individuals with nasal sensitivities or allergies. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a useful tool for monitoring outdoor air pollution levels. The AQI scale ranges from 0-500, with higher numbers indicating greater pollution and potential health risks. When the AQI is high, it may be best to limit outdoor activities and keep windows closed to minimize exposure to irritants[8].
Pollen counts can be monitored through local weather reports, allergy websites, or mobile apps. These resources typically provide daily pollen forecasts, indicating the levels of various allergens like tree, grass, and weed pollen. On days with high pollen counts, taking preventive measures such as staying indoors, using air filters, and keeping windows closed can help reduce allergy symptoms.
| AQI Range | Category | Health Implications | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Green | 0-50 | Good | Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. |
| Yellow | 51-100 | Moderate | Air quality is acceptable; however, some pollutants may pose a moderate health concern for a small number of sensitive people. |
| Orange | 101-150 | Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups | Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected. |
| Red | 151-200 | Unhealthy | Some members of the general public may experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects. |
Keeping a Nasal Health Diary
Maintaining a nasal health diary can be a valuable tool for identifying patterns and triggers related to weather conditions. By recording daily symptoms, medications, and weather factors such as temperature, humidity, air quality, and pollen counts, you can gain insights into how your nasal health is affected by environmental changes[9].
A nasal health diary can also be helpful when discussing your symptoms with a healthcare provider. By presenting a clear record of your nasal health history and environmental factors, you can work together to develop a personalized management plan that takes weather conditions into account.
Adapting to Weather Changes
Adjusting Indoor Environment
One of the most effective ways to manage nasal health in response to weather changes is by controlling your indoor environment. During cold, dry weather, using a humidifier can help maintain optimal humidity levels and prevent nasal dryness and irritation[10]. In hot, humid weather, air conditioning and dehumidifiers can help reduce indoor moisture and prevent mold growth, which can aggravate nasal allergies.
It’s also important to maintain good indoor air quality by regularly cleaning and replacing air filters, using low-VOC cleaning products, and ensuring proper ventilation. If you have specific nasal sensitivities or allergies, using an air purifier with a HEPA filter can help remove airborne irritants and allergens.
Protecting Your Nose Outdoors
When venturing outdoors, taking protective measures can help minimize the impact of weather changes on your nasal health. In cold weather, wearing a scarf or face mask over your nose can help warm and humidify the air you breathe, reducing nasal irritation[11]. In hot, dry weather, staying hydrated and using a saline nasal spray can help keep your nasal passages moist and prevent dryness.
If you have seasonal allergies, taking preventive measures such as showering and changing clothes after outdoor exposure can help remove pollen and other allergens from your skin and hair, reducing nasal symptoms.
Medications and Treatments
In some cases, adapting to weather changes may require the use of medications or treatments to manage nasal symptoms. Over-the-counter decongestants, antihistamines, and nasal sprays can help alleviate congestion, runny nose, and other weather-related nasal issues[12]. However, it’s important to use these medications as directed and consult with a healthcare provider if symptoms persist or worsen.
For individuals with chronic nasal conditions such as allergies or sinusitis, prescription medications, immunotherapy, or surgical interventions may be necessary to manage symptoms effectively. Working closely with an allergist or ENT specialist can help develop a personalized treatment plan that takes weather factors into account.
Lifestyle Modifications
In addition to environmental controls and medical interventions, making lifestyle modifications can also help adapt to weather changes and promote nasal health. Maintaining a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support immune function and reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
Regular exercise can also be beneficial, as it promotes circulation and helps reduce stress, which can exacerbate nasal symptoms. However, during high pollen counts or poor air quality days, it may be best to exercise indoors or limit outdoor activities to minimize exposure to irritants.
By making proactive lifestyle choices and adapting to weather changes, you can help keep your nasal passages healthy and comfortable throughout the year.
Nasal Hygiene and Care
Importance of Nasal Hygiene
Maintaining good nasal hygiene is crucial for promoting nasal health and preventing weather-related issues. The nose serves as a natural filter, trapping dust, allergens, and other irritants before they can enter the lungs. By keeping the nasal passages clean and moisturized, you can help support this important function and reduce your risk of infections, inflammation, and other nasal problems[13].
Nasal Irrigation and Sprays
Nasal irrigation, also known as nasal rinsing or neti pot use, is a simple and effective way to cleanse the nasal passages and remove irritants. Using a saline solution, nasal irrigation helps flush out mucus, allergens, and other debris, promoting clear breathing and reducing nasal congestion. It can be especially helpful during weather changes that trigger nasal dryness or allergies.
Saline nasal sprays are another useful tool for maintaining nasal moisture and comfort. These sprays deliver a fine mist of saline solution to the nasal lining, helping to soothe irritation and prevent dryness[14]. Saline sprays can be used as needed throughout the day, especially in dry or air-conditioned environments.
Humidification and Moisture Balance
Maintaining proper humidity levels is key to nasal comfort, especially during dry weather conditions. Using a humidifier in your living spaces can help prevent nasal dryness, irritation, and nosebleeds. Aim to keep indoor humidity between 30-50% for optimal nasal health[15].
In addition to using a humidifier, there are other ways to promote nasal moisture balance. Drinking plenty of water throughout the day can help keep your nasal passages hydrated from the inside out. Applying a small amount of petroleum jelly or nasal moisturizing gel to the nostrils can also help prevent dryness and cracking, especially in cold or windy weather.
Avoiding Nasal Irritants
To minimize nasal discomfort and weather-related issues, it’s important to identify and avoid common nasal irritants. These can include tobacco smoke, strong fragrances, cleaning products, and air pollution. If you have specific nasal sensitivities or allergies, taking steps to reduce your exposure to triggers can help prevent flare-ups and promote nasal health.
When spending time outdoors, be mindful of environmental factors that may affect your nasal health. On high pollen days or in areas with poor air quality, wearing a face mask or respirator can help filter out irritants and reduce nasal symptoms. If possible, limit outdoor activities during peak pollen hours or when air pollution levels are high.
By prioritizing nasal hygiene and care, you can help your nose function at its best and adapt to weather changes more effectively. Regular nasal cleansing, moisture balance, and avoidance of irritants are all key strategies for promoting nasal health and comfort throughout the year.
Lifestyle Factors Influencing Nasal Health
Diet and Nutrition
What you eat can have a significant impact on your nasal health, especially when it comes to weather-related issues. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support immune function and reduce inflammation in the nasal passages[16]. Staying hydrated by drinking plenty of water is also important for maintaining nasal moisture and preventing dryness.
On the other hand, certain foods and beverages may worsen nasal symptoms, particularly in those with allergies or sensitivities. Common culprits include dairy products, which can increase mucus production, and spicy foods, which can cause nasal irritation and runny nose. Alcohol and caffeine can also contribute to nasal dryness and congestion.
Exercise and Physical Activity
Regular exercise can be beneficial for nasal health in several ways. It helps improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and boost immune function, all of which can help your nasal passages function more effectively[17]. Exercise also promotes stress relief, which is important because stress can exacerbate nasal symptoms and make them more difficult to manage.
However, it’s important to be mindful of weather conditions when exercising outdoors. During high pollen counts or poor air quality days, it may be best to exercise indoors or limit outdoor activities to minimize exposure to irritants. If you do exercise outdoors, wearing a face mask or respirator can help filter out pollutants and allergens.
Stress Management
Stress can have a significant impact on nasal health, particularly in those with chronic nasal conditions like allergies or sinusitis. When you’re stressed, your body releases hormones like cortisol and histamine, which can increase inflammation and worsen nasal symptoms[18].
To help manage stress and promote nasal health, it’s important to prioritize self-care and relaxation techniques. Deep breathing exercises, meditation, and yoga can all be helpful for reducing stress and promoting a sense of calm. Getting enough sleep, staying hydrated, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance are also important for managing stress and supporting overall nasal health.
Smoking and Secondhand Smoke Exposure
Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can have a detrimental effect on nasal health, especially in those with pre-existing nasal conditions. The chemicals in tobacco smoke can irritate the nasal lining, leading to inflammation, dryness, and congestion. Smoking can also damage the tiny hairs in the nose that help filter out irritants, making the nasal passages more vulnerable to weather-related issues.
If you currently smoke, quitting is one of the best things you can do for your nasal health and overall well-being.If you’re exposed to secondhand smoke, taking steps to minimize your exposure, such as avoiding smoky environments and asking others not to smoke around you, can help reduce the impact on your nasal passages.
By making positive lifestyle choices and being mindful of factors that can influence nasal health, you can help your nose adapt to weather changes more effectively and promote long-term nasal comfort and well-being.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Persistent or Severe Symptoms
While many weather-related nasal issues can be managed with self-care measures and over-the-counter remedies, there are times when seeking medical attention is necessary. If your nasal symptoms persist for more than 10-14 days despite home treatment, or if they are severe and interfere with your daily activities, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider[19]. Persistent symptoms may indicate an underlying condition that requires medical intervention, such as chronic sinusitis, allergies, or a deviated septum.
Signs of Infection
Nasal infections can sometimes develop as a complication of weather-related nasal issues, particularly if the nasal passages are dry, cracked, or inflamed. Signs of a nasal infection may include:
- Thick, discolored nasal discharge (yellow, green, or blood-tinged)
- Facial pain or pressure
- Fever
- Tooth pain
- Persistent bad breath
If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider promptly. Nasal infections can sometimes spread to nearby structures, such as the sinuses, ears, or brain, leading to serious complications if left untreated[20].
Chronic Nasal Conditions
For individuals with chronic nasal conditions such as allergies, sinusitis, or nasal polyps, weather changes can often trigger or worsen symptoms. If you have a pre-existing nasal condition and find that your symptoms are becoming more frequent or severe, it’s important to work closely with a healthcare provider to develop an effective management plan.
Depending on your specific condition and symptoms, your provider may recommend medications, such as antihistamines, decongestants, or nasal sprays, to help control inflammation and relieve discomfort. In some cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) or surgical interventions may be necessary to address underlying issues and improve nasal function.
Impact on Quality of Life
Nasal issues related to weather changes can have a significant impact on quality of life, affecting sleep, work performance, and overall well-being. If your nasal symptoms are causing significant distress or interfering with your daily activities, it’s important to seek medical guidance[21].
Your healthcare provider can work with you to identify triggers, develop a personalized treatment plan, and provide strategies for managing symptoms effectively. They may also recommend lifestyle modifications, such as stress reduction techniques or dietary changes, to support nasal health and improve overall quality of life.
By staying attuned to your nasal health and seeking medical guidance when needed, you can effectively navigate the challenges of weather-related nasal issues and maintain optimal nasal function throughout the year.
Maintaining Optimal Nasal Health in All Weather Conditions
Proactive Nasal Care
Maintaining optimal nasal health in all weather conditions requires a proactive approach that combines lifestyle modifications, self-care practices, and preventive measures. By taking steps to support nasal function and minimize weather-related triggers, you can help your nose adapt to changing environmental conditions and reduce the risk of complications[22].
One of the most important aspects of proactive nasal care is maintaining a consistent hygiene routine. This includes regular nasal cleansing with saline irrigation or sprays, as well as keeping the nasal passages moisturized with humidifiers or nasal gels. It’s also important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day, as this can help prevent nasal dryness and irritation.
Adapting to Seasonal Changes
As the seasons change, it’s important to adapt your nasal care routine to meet the unique challenges of each season. During the winter months, when indoor heating can lead to dry air and nasal discomfort, using a humidifier and moisturizing nasal sprays can help prevent dryness and cracking. In the summer, when pollen counts and air pollution levels may be higher, using HEPA filters and keeping windows closed can help minimize exposure to irritants[23].
It’s also important to be mindful of seasonal triggers that may worsen nasal symptoms, such as mold growth during damp seasons or smoke from summer wildfires. By staying informed about local weather conditions and taking steps to minimize exposure to triggers, you can help your nose adapt more effectively to seasonal changes.
Building Nasal Resilience
In addition to proactive care and seasonal adaptations, there are several strategies you can use to build long-term nasal resilience and promote optimal nasal health in all weather conditions. These include:
- Eating a nutritious diet rich in anti-inflammatory foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids
- Exercising regularly to improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and boost immune function
- Practicing stress-reduction techniques, such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga, to minimize the impact of stress on nasal health
- Avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke and other nasal irritants whenever possible
By incorporating these strategies into your daily routine, you can help build a strong foundation for nasal health that can withstand the challenges of changing weather conditions[24].
Partnering with Healthcare Providers
Finally, maintaining optimal nasal health in all weather conditions requires a partnership between individuals and their healthcare providers. Regular check-ups with a primary care provider or allergist can help identify any underlying nasal conditions that may be exacerbated by weather changes, as well as provide opportunities for personalized treatment and management strategies.
If you have a chronic nasal condition or are prone to weather-related nasal issues, working closely with your healthcare provider can help you develop an effective management plan that takes into account your unique needs and circumstances. This may include medications, immunotherapy, or other targeted interventions to help control symptoms and prevent complications.
By taking a proactive, adaptive, and collaborative approach to nasal care, you can maintain optimal nasal health and comfort in all weather conditions, allowing you to breathe easily and enjoy the changing seasons with confidence.
Frequently Asked Questions
Weather can affect nasal health in several ways. Cold, dry air can cause nasal dryness, irritation, and nosebleeds, while hot, humid weather can lead to increased mucus production and congestion. Rapid changes in temperature and humidity can also irritate the nasal passages, triggering symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, and stuffiness.
Common weather-related nasal issues include nasal dryness, nosebleeds, congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and sinus headaches. These issues can be triggered by changes in temperature, humidity, air pressure, and exposure to allergens or irritants in the environment.
To prevent nasal issues during cold, dry weather, try using a humidifier to add moisture to the air, applying a nasal moisturizer or saline spray to keep the nasal passages hydrated, and drinking plenty of water to maintain overall hydration. It’s also helpful to avoid direct exposure to cold, dry air when possible and to use a scarf or mask to cover your nose and mouth when outdoors.
To manage nasal congestion during humid weather, try using a dehumidifier to reduce indoor humidity levels, rinsing your nasal passages with a saline solution to clear mucus and irritants, and using over-the-counter decongestants or nasal sprays as needed. It’s also important to stay hydrated, practice good hygiene, and avoid exposure to mold or other allergens that may worsen congestion.
Yes, certain foods may help relieve weather-related nasal symptoms. Foods rich in vitamin C, like citrus fruits and bell peppers, can support immune function and reduce inflammation. Spicy foods containing capsaicin, such as chili peppers, can help clear nasal congestion. Omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish, nuts, and seeds may also help reduce inflammation in the nasal passages.
You should see a doctor for weather-related nasal issues if your symptoms persist for more than 10-14 days despite home treatment, if your symptoms are severe and interfere with daily activities, or if you experience signs of infection such as fever, facial pain, or discolored nasal discharge. If you have a chronic nasal condition that is worsened by weather changes, it’s important to work with your doctor to develop an effective management plan.
To maintain optimal nasal health year-round, practice good nasal hygiene by regularly cleaning your nasal passages with saline rinses, managing allergies or chronic nasal conditions with medications as prescribed by your doctor, staying hydrated, eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, managing stress, and avoiding exposure to tobacco smoke and other irritants. It’s also important to adapt your nasal care routine to the changing seasons and to work closely with your healthcare provider to address any concerns or issues that arise.
Reference list
- Eccles R. Nasal airflow in health and disease. Acta Otolaryngol. 2000;120(5):580-595.
- Kuehn BM. Nasal Hygiene Helps Prevent Upper Respiratory Infections. JAMA. 2015;313(6):560.
- Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Liard R, Bousquet J, Neukirch F. Quality of life in allergic rhinitis and asthma. A population-based study of young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1391-1396.
- Hindawi AA, Al-Ashmawy GM, Kamel MF. Meteorological factors affecting respiratory diseases in Ismailia city, Egypt. J Basic Appl Sci Res. 2013;3(4):158-165.
- Jang JY, Kim MY, Bae JS. Influence of weather conditions on allergic rhinitis. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(16):e107.
- Jani AL, Hamilos DL. Current thinking on the relationship between rhinosinusitis and asthma. J Asthma. 2005;42(1):1-7.
- Graudenz GS, Landgraf RG, Jancar S, Tribess A, Fonseca SG, Faé KC, Kalil J. The role of allergic rhinitis in nasal responses to sudden temperature changes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;118(5):1126-1132.
- Shusterman D, Murphy MA, Balmes J. Influence of age, gender, and allergy status on nasal reactivity to inhaled chlorine. Inhal Toxicol. 2003;15(12):1179-1189.
- Ng DK, Chan CH, Sow MT, Chow PY, Chen HH. The environmental factors that affect the noses of normal population. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2010;31(4):328-333.
- Akerlund A, Bende M. Sustained use of xylometazoline nose drops aggravates vasomotor rhinitis. Am J Rhinol. 1991;5(5):157-160.
- Elad D, Wolf M, Keck T. Air-conditioning in the human nasal cavity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2008;163(1-3):121-127.
- Mäkinen TM, Juvonen R, Jokelainen J, et al. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respir Med. 2009;103(3):456-462.
- Proctor DF, Andersen I. The nose: upper airway physiology and the atmospheric environment. Elsevier Biomedical Press. 1982.
- Eccles R, Wilkinson JE. Exposure to cold and acute upper respiratory tract infection. Rhinology. 2015;53(2):99-106.
- Dykewicz MS, Fineman S, Skoner DP, et al. Diagnosis and management of rhinitis: complete guidelines of the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters in Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;81(5 Pt 2):478-518.
- Hanes LS, Issa E, Proud D, Togias A. Stronger nasal responsiveness to cold air in individuals with rhinitis and asthma, compared with rhinitis alone. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36(1):26-31.
- Quraishi SA, Davies MJ, Craig TJ. Inflammatory responses in allergic rhinitis: traditional approaches and novel treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2004;104(5 Suppl 5):S7-S15.
- Kim YH, Jang TY. Proposed diagnostic standard using visual analogue scale and acoustic rhinometry in nasal provocation test in allergic patients. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2011;38(3):340-346.
- Naclerio RM, Bachert C, Baraniuk JN. Pathophysiology of nasal congestion. Int J Gen Med. 2010;3:47-57.
- Kennedy DW, Hwang PH. Rhinitis: Mechanisms and management. CRC Press. 2019.
- Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020;58(Suppl S29):1-464.
- Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
- Popov TA, Emberlin J, Josling P, Seifalian A. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the efficacy and safety of powder inhaler containing dry extract of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) berries. Phytother Res. 2020;34(11):2996-3004.
- Koyuncu M, Akgül G, Seçil D, et al. The effect of nasal functions on the quality of life and sleep quality. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;72(2):223-228.
